Waterborne Diseases ေရကတဆင့္ကူးစက္သည့္ေရာဂါမ်ား
6:57 PM Posted In Health Edit This 0 Comments » အစာကတဆင့္ကူးစက္သည့္ေရာဂါမ်ားအုပ္စုတြင္ ပါ၀င္သည္။ ေရာဂါရေစသည့္ပိုးမႊားမ်ား၊ အဆိပ္အေတာက္မ်ား၊ လူႏွင့္မသင့္ေသာဓါတ္ပစၥည္းမ်ားပါ၀င္ေနသည့္ မသန္႕ရွင္းေသာေရကို ေသာက္သံုးမိ၍ ရေစေသာကူးစက္ေရာဂါမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။ ၄င္းပိုးမ်ားသည္ အစာကတဆင့္ကူးစက္သည့္ေရာဂါမ်ား အမ်ားဆံုး ျဖစ္ေစသည့္ပိုးမ်ားႏွင့္ ကြဲျပားသည္။ ကူးစက္ေရာဂါမ်ားထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေရးဌာန၏ ၁၉၇၂-၂၀၀၀ စာရင္းအရ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း ေတြ႕ႏိုင္ေပသည္။
| ပိုးအမ်ိဳးအမည္ | ရာခိုင္ႏွဳန္း |
| Giardia lamblia | 35.8% |
| Shigella spp. | 11.4% |
| Hepatitis A | 6.3% |
| Noroviruses | 5.7% |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 4.5% |
| Cryptosporidium | 4.2% |
| Samonella, nontyphoidal | 3.9% |
| Escherichia coli O157-H7 | 2.4% |
| Salmonella Typhi | 1.3% |
| Vibrio cholerae | 0.6% |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 0.3% |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | 0.3% |
| Rotavirus | 0.3% |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 0.3% |
| Plesiomonas shigelloides | 0.3% |
| Small round virus | 0.3% |
| Miscellaneous chemicals | 0.3% |
| Total | 100% |
Child Immunisation Chart ကာကြယ္ေဆးထိုးဇယား၊ (အသက္အလိုက္)
| ကေလးအသက္ | ကာကြယ္ေဆးအမည္ | အၾကိမ္ |
| ေမြးကာစ | BCG ဘီစီဂ်ီ တီဘီကာကြယ္ေဆး | - |
| ေမြးကာစ | OPV Oral Polio ပိုလီယို | 1 |
| ေမြးကာစ | Hepatitis အသဲေရာင္အသား၀ါ | B 1 |
| ေမြးကာစ | Hi B အသဲေရာင္ ဘီ | 1 |
| ၄ ပါတ္ (၁ လ) | Hi B အသဲေရာင္ ဘီ | 2 |
| ၆ ပါတ္ (၁ လခြဲ) | DPT ဒီပီတီ (ဆံုဆို႔-ၾကက္ညွာ-ေမးခိုင္) | 1 |
| ၆ ပါတ္ (၁ လခြဲ) | OPV Oral Polio ပိုလီယို | 2 |
| ၈ ပါတ္ (၂ လ) | Hi B အသဲေရာင္ ဘီ | 2 |
| ၁၀ ပါတ္ (၂ လခြဲ) | DPT ဒီပီတီ (ဆံုဆို႔-ၾကက္ညွာ-ေမးခိုင္) | 2 |
| ၁၀ ပါတ္ (၂ လခြဲ) | OPV Oral Polio ပိုလီယို | 3 |
| ၁၄ ပါတ္ (၃ လခြဲ) | DPT ဒီပီတီ (ဆံုဆို႔-ၾကက္ညွာ-ေမးခိုင္) | 3 |
| ၁၄ ပါတ္ (၃ လခြဲ) | OPV Oral Polio ပိုလီယို | 4 |
| ၁၆ ပါတ္ (၄ လ) | Hi B အသဲေရာင္ ဘီ | 3 |
| ၁၈ ပါတ္ (၄ လခြဲ) | OPV Oral Polio ပိုလီယို | 5 |
| ၆ လ | Hepatitis အသဲေရာင္အသား၀ါ | 3 |
| ၉ လ | Measles ၀က္သက္ | - |
| ၁၅ လ | MMR အမ္-အမ္-အာရ္ | - |
| ၁၈ လ | Booster ဒီပီတီ (ဆံုဆို႔-ၾကက္ညွာ-ေမးခိုင္) ထပ္ထိုး | 1 |
| ၁၈ လ | Booster OPV ပိုလီယို ထပ္ထိုး | 1 |
| ၂ ႏွစ္ | Typhoid တိုက္ဖြိဳက္ | - |
| ၄ ႏွစ္ခြဲ | Booster ဒီပီတီ (ဆံုဆို႔-ၾကက္ညွာ-ေမးခိုင္) ထပ္ထိုး | 2 |
| ၄ ႏွစ္ခြဲ | Booster OPV ပိုလီယို ထပ္ထိုး | 2 |
| အခ်ိန္မေရြး | Hep A အသဲေရာင္ ေအ | 1 and 2 |
| ၁၀ ႏွစ္ | Help B Booster အသဲေရာင္ ဘီ ထပ္ထိုး | - |
| ၁၅-၁၆ ႏွစ္ | TT ေမးခိုင္ထပ္ထိုး | - |
Immunization Chart ကာကြယ္ေဆးထိုးဇယား၊ (ကာကြယ္ေဆးအလိုက္)
| ကာကြယ္ေဆးအမည္ | အၾကိမ္ | ကေလးအသက္ |
| 1. BCG ဘီစီဂ်ီ | - | ေမြးကာစ |
| 2. DPT ဒီပီတီ (ဆံုဆို႔-ၾကက္ညွာ-ေမးခိုင္) | 1 | ၆ ပါတ္ ၁ လခြဲ |
| - | 2 | ၁၀ ပါတ္ ၂ လခြဲ |
| - | 3 | ၁၄ ပါတ္ ၃ လခြဲ |
| Booster ဒီပီတီ (ဆံုဆို႔-ၾကက္ညွာ-ေမးခိုင္) ထပ္ထိုး | 1 | ၁၈ လ ၄ လခြဲ |
| Booster ဒီပီတီ (ဆံုဆို႔-ၾကက္ညွာ-ေမးခိုင္) ထပ္ထိုး | ၂ | ၄ ႏွစ္ခြဲ |
| 3. Oral Polio ပိုလီယို | ၁ | ေမြးကာစ |
| - | ၂ | ၆ ပါတ္ ၁ လခြဲ |
| - | ၃ | ၁၀ ပါတ္ ၂ လခြဲ |
| - | ၄ | ၁၄ ပါတ္ ၃ လခြဲ |
| - | ၅ | ၁၈ ပါတ္ ၄ လခြဲ |
| Booster ပိုလီယို ထပ္ထိုး | ၁ | ၁၈ လ ၄ လခြဲ |
| - | ၂ | ၄ ႏွစ္ခြဲ |
| 4. Measles ၀က္သက္ | - | ၉ လ |
| 5. MMR အမ္အမ္အာရ္ | - | ၁၅ လ |
| 6. Hepatitis အသဲေရာင္အသား၀ါ | B 1 | ေမြးကာစ |
| - | 2 | ၁ လ |
| - | 3 | ၆ လ |
| 7. Hi B အသဲေရာင္ ဘီ | 1 | ေမြးကာစ |
| - | ၂ | ၂ လ |
| - | ၃ | ၄ လ |
| 8. Typhoid တိုက္ဖြိဳက္ | - | ၂ ႏွစ္ |
| 9. Hep A အသဲေရာင္ ေအ | 1 and 2 | အခ်ိန္မေရြး |
| 10. Help B Booster အသဲေရာင္ ဘီ ထပ္ထိုး | - | ၁၀ ႏွစ္ |
| 11. TT ေမးခိုင္ထပ္ထိုး | - | ၁၅-၁၆ ႏွစ္ |
Hepatitis A and B Vaccines အသဲေရာင္ေရာဂါ ေအ ႏွင့္ ဘီ ကာကြယ္ေဆးမ်ား
Recommended dosages and schedules of hepatitis A vaccines
Recommended dosages and schedules of hepatitis B vaccines
Note: For adult dialysis patients, the Engerix-B dose required is 40µg/2.0mL (use the adult 20µg/1.0mL formulation) on a schedule of 0, 1, 2, and 6 months. For Recombivax HB, a special formulation for dialysis patients is available. The dose is 40µg/1.0mL and it is given on a schedule of 0, 1, and 6 months. *The schedule for administering hepatitis B vaccine is flexible and can vary.
| Vaccine | Age group | Dose | Volume | # Doses | Dosing interval |
| Havrix | 1–18 yrs | 720 ELISA Units | 0.5 mL | 2 | 0, 6–12 months |
| Havrix | 19 yrs & older | 1440 ELISA Units | 1.0 mL | 2 | 0, 6–12 months |
| Vaqta | 1–18 yrs | 25 Units | 0.5 mL | 2 | 0, 6–18 months |
| Vaqta | 19 yrs & older | 50 Units | 1.0 mL | 2 | 0, 6–18 months |
| Vaccine | Age group | Dose | Volume | # Doses | Schedule/Dosing interval |
| Engerix-B | 0–19 yrs | 10 µg | 0.5 mL | 3 | Birth, 1–4, 6–18 months, Dose intervals for older children: 0, 1–2, 4 months |
| Engerix-B | 20 yrs & older | 20 µg | 1.0 mL | 3 | Dose interval 0, 1, 6 months |
| Recombivax HB | 0–19 yrs | 5 µg | 0.5 mL | 3 | Birth, 1–4, 6–18 months, Dose intervals for older children: 0, 1–2, 4 months |
| Recombivax HB | 11–15 yrs | 10 µg | 1.0 mL | 2 | Dose intervals 0, 4–6 months |
| Recombivax HB | 20 yrs & older | 10 µg | 1.0 mL | 3 | Dose intervals 0, 1, 6 months |
Causes of Death
ေသဆံုးရသည့္ေရာဂါမ်ား
| ေသဆံုးရသည့္အေၾကာင္းမ်ား | ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း |
| ကူးစက္ေရာဂါမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ေသဆံုးရသူအားလံုး | ၂၅.၉ % |
| Non-communicable conditions ကူးစက္ေရာဂါမဟုတ္သည့္ အျခားေရာဂါမ်ား | ၅၈. ၈ % |
| Injuries ထိခိုက္ဒဏ္ရာမ်ား | ၉.၂ % |
| Maternal and Perinatal conditions ေမြးဖြားျခင္းႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ေသာ ေရာဂါမ်ား | ၅.၂ % |
| Nutritional deficiencies အာဟာရခ်ဳိ႕တဲ့ေရာဂါမ်ား | ၀.၉ % |
| Grand total စုစုေပါင္း | ၁၀၀ % |
Worldwide mortality due to infectious diseases
တကမၻာလံုး ကူးစက္ေရာဂါမ်ားေၾကာင့္ေသသည့္ အေသႏႈန္း
| ေသေစသည့္ ကူးစက္ေရာဂါမ်ား | ၂၀၀၂ အေသ | အေသ % | ၁၉၉၃ အေသ | ၁၉၉၃ အဆင့္ |
| Lower respiratory infections အသက္ရွဴလမ္းေအာက္ပိုင္းေရာဂါမ်ား | ၃.၉ သန္း | ၆.၉ % | ၄.၁ သန္း | ၁ |
| HIV/AIDS ေအအိုင္ဒီအက္စ္ | ၂.၈ သန္း | ၄.၉ % | ၀.၇ သန္း | ၇ |
| Diarrheas diseases ၀မ္းေလွ်ာ-၀မ္းပ်က္ | ၁.၈ သန္း | ၃.၂ % | ၃.၀ သန္း | ၂ |
| Tuberculosis (TB) တီဘီ | ၁.၆ သန္း | ၂.၇% | ၂.၇ သန္း | ၃ |
| Malaria ငွက္ဖ်ား | ၁.၃ သန္း | ၂.၂% | ၂.၀ သန္း | ၄ |
| Measles ၀က္သက္ | ၀.၆ သန္း | ၁.၁% | ၁.၁ သန္း | ၅ |
| Pertussis ၾကက္ညႇာ | ၀.၂၉ သန္း | ၀.၅% | ၀.၃၆ သန္း | ၇ |
| Tetanus ေမးခိုင္ | ၀.၂၁ သန္း | ၀.၄ % | ၀.၁၅ သန္း | ၁၂ |
| Meningitis ဦးေႏွာက္အေျမႇးေရာင္ | ၀.၁၇ သန္း | ၀.၃ % | ၀.၂၅ သန္း | ၈ |
| Hepatitis B အသည္းေရာင္ (ဘီ) | ၀.၁ သန္း | ၀.၂ % | ၀.၉၃ သန္း | ၆ |
| အပူပိုင္းကူးစက္ေရာဂါ (၆) မ်ဳိး | ၀.၁၃ သန္း | ၀.၂ % | ၀.၅၃ သန္း | ၉-၁၀-၁၆-၁၈ |
| ကူးစက္ေရာဂါအားလံုး | ၁၄.၇ သန္း | ၂၅.၉ % | ၁၆.၄ သန္း | ၃၂.၂ သန္း |
Death from Vector-borne Diseases ပိုးမႊားေကာင္မ်ားမွတဆင့္ ကူးစက္သည့္ ေရာဂါမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ေသဆံုးျခင္း၊
Calorie Count
အစားအစာတမ်ိဳးျခင္းကရသည့္ ကလိုရီႏွင့္ အဆီ
| Type of Food အစား-အေသာက္ | Calorie Count ကယ္လိုရီ | Grams of Fat အဆီ |
| Cadbury's Flake Cake (1 std bar/34g) ကိတ္မုန္ ့ | 180 | 10.4 |
| Biscuit (15g) ဘီစကစ္မံု ့ | 74 | 3.3 |
| Danish pastry (67g) ပက္ဆရီကိတ္မံု | 287 | 17.4 |
| Bread, brown (1 med slice) ေပါင္မုံ ့ညိဳ | 74 | 0.7 |
| Bread, white (1 slice/37g) ေပါင္မုံ ့ျဖဴ | 84 | 0.6 |
| Corn Flakes, Kelloggs (45g) ေကာင္းဖလိပ္ | 167 | 0.4 |
| Porridge Oats, Scots, Quaker (45g) ေကြကာအုတ္ | 166 | 3.6 |
| Chicken breast (200g) ၾကက္ရင္အုပ္ | 342 | 13.0 |
| Pork sausage (1 sausage/24g) ၀က္အူေတာင့္ | 73 | 5.7 |
| Bacon (1 rasher/25g) ၀က္ေပါင္ေျခာက္ | 64 | 4.0 |
| Gravy, beef (83ml) အမဲသားဟင္းအႏွစ္ | 45 | 2.7 |
| Lamb chops (1 oz/28g) ဆိတ္သားတံုး | 69 | 5.5 |
| Pork chops (1 oz/28g) ၀က္သားတံုး | 73 | 4.5 |
| Egg Fried Rice (200g) ၾကက္ဥထမင္းေက်ာ္ | 250 | 3.0 |
| Chocolate (100g) ေျခာ့ကလက္ | 530 | 29.9 |
| Kit Kat (2 finger bar/21g) ကစ္-ကက္ ေျခာကလက္ | 106 | 5.5 |
| Milky Way (1 bar/26g) မစ္လ္ခ္ေ၀း ေခ်ာ့ကလက္ | 117 | 4.3 |
| Popcorn (100g) ေပါ့ပ္ကြန္ | 405 | 7.7 |
| Coffee (1 cup/220ml) ေကာ္ဖီ | 15.4 | 0.9 |
| Can of coke (330ml) ကုတ္ခ္ | 139 | 0.0 |
| Orange juice (1 glass/200ml) လိမ္ေမာ္ရည္ | ၈၈ | 0.0 |
| Tea (1 mug/270ml) လက္ဘက္ရည္ | 29 | 0.5 |
| Butter (10g) ေထာပတ္ | 74 | 8.2 |
| Cheese, cream (34g) ဒိန္ခဲ | 58 | 4.8 |
| Eggs, size 3 (57g) ၾကက္ဥ | 84 | 6.2 |
| Milk, semi skimmed (200ml) အဆီတ၀က္ထုတ္ျပီးႏြားႏို ့ | 96 | 3.2 |
| Milk, whole (1fl oz/30ml) ႏြားႏို ့ရိုးရိုး | 20 | 1.2 |
| Yoghurt, black cherry (150g) ဘလက္ခ်ယ္ရီ-ေရာဂတ္ | 106 | 0.2 |
| Yoghurt, strawberry (200g) စေထေရာက္ဘယ္ရီ-ေရာဂတ္ | 123 | 5.3 |
| Cheeseburger ခ်ိစ္ဘာဂါ | 379 | 18.9 |
| Hamburger (108g) ဟမ္ဘာဂါ | 254 | 7.7 |
| Kentucky Fried Chicken (67g) ကင္တာကီ-ၾကက္ေက်ာ္ | 195 | 12.0 |
| KFC fries (100g) ေကအက္ဖ္စီ-ၾကက္ေက်ာ္ | 294 | 14.8 |
| McDonalds fries (78g) မက္ေဒၚနယ္-ၾကက္ေက်ာ္ | 207 | 9.0 |
| Pizza Deluxe (1 slice/66g) ပီဇာ | 171 | 6.7 |
| Banana (150g) ငွက္ေပ်ာသီး | 143 | 0.5 |
| Pear (170g) သစ္ေတာ့သီး | 68 | 0.2 |
| Apple (112g) ပန္းသီး | 53 | 0.1 |
| Orange (160g) လိမ္ေမာ္သီး | 59 | 0.0 |
| Grapes (50g) စပ်စ္သီး | 30 | 0.1 |
| Melon (1oz/28g) ဖရဲသီး | 7 | 0.1 |
| Strawberries (1oz/28g) စေထာဘယ္ရီ | 7 | 0.0 |
| Samosa (50g) စမူဆာ | 126 | 6.6 |
| Onion Bhaji (22g) ၾကက္သြန္-ဘာဂ်ီ | 65 | 5.1 |
| Bombay Potato (200g) အာလူး | 202 | 10.4 |
| Naan bread (½ piece) နံျပား | 269 | 10 |
| Almonds (1 oz/28g) သံလြင္သီး | 171 | 15.3 |
| Cashew nuts (1 oz/28g) သစ္ၾကားသီး | 164 | 13.7 |
| Salted peanuts (1 sm pack/50g) ေျမပဲေလွာ္ | 311 | 26.5 |
| Sesame seeds (1 oz/28g) ႏွမ္းေစ့ | 171 | 15.8 |
| Sunflower seeds (1 oz/28g) ေနၾကာေစ့ | 164 | 13.6 |
| Salad (100g) ဆလပ္ (အသုပ္) | 19 | 0.3 |
| Brocoli (30g) (ဘရီကိုလီ) မုန္လာဥစိမ္း | 7 | 0.2 |
| Carrots (60g) မုန္လာဥနီ | 21 | 0.5 |
| Fried mushrooms (1 oz/28g) မွိဳေက်ာ္ | 44 | 4.5 |
| Iceberg lettuce (1 oz/28g) မုန္ညင္းျဖဴ | 3.7 | 0.1 |
| Onions (1 oz/28g) ၾကက္သြန္နီ | 8.4 | 0.1 |
| Peas (60g) ပဲေစ့ | 32 | 0.4 |
Medical Prefix-Suffix
ေရွ႕ဆက္-ေနာက္ဆက္ ေဆးပညာစကားလံုးမ်ား
| ေရွ ့ဆက္-ေနာက္ဆက္စကားလံုးမ်ား | အဓိပၸါယ္ | ျမန္မာလို |
| a- | not, without, less | မ-နည္းသည္ |
| acous/acouso-/-acusis | hearing | အၾကားႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| aden/adeno-/adren/adreno- | gland | ဂလင္း (အိတ္)ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| adip/adipo- | fat | အဆီႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| -aemia | blood condition | ေသြးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| aer/aero- | air, gas | ေလ-ေလႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| aesthesio- | Sensation | အနာ-အက်င္စသည္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| alge/algesi- | pain | အနာ-အက်င္စသည္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| -algia | pain | အနာ-အက်င္စသည္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| algio/algo- | pain | အနာ-အက်င္စသည္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| an- | not, without | မ-မဟုတ္ |
| angi- | blood vessel | ေသြးေၾကာႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| ankyl/ankylo- | crooked, stiff | တင္းၾကပ္ေနေသာ |
| ante- | before | မတိုင္မီ |
| anti- | against, opposed to | ဆန္ ့က်င္၍ |
| arteri/arterio- | artery | ေသြးလႊတ္ေၾကာႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| arthr/arthro- | joint, articulation | အဆစ္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| articul/articulo- | joint | အဆစ္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| -ase | enzyme | အင္ဇိုင္း |
| -asthenia | weakness | အားနည္းေသာ |
| -ation | process | ျဖစ္စဥ္ |
| auri- | ears (aural) | နား |
| aut/auto- | self, same | ကိုယ့္ကိုယ္ကို၊ အတူတူ၊ |
| bacteri/bacterio- | Bacteria | ဗက္တီးရီးယားႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| bi- | twice, double | ႏွစ္ခု၊ ႏွစ္ခါ၊ |
| bio- | Life | အသက္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| bleph/blepharo- | eyelid | မ်က္ခြံႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| brachi/brachio- | arm | လက္ေမာင္းႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| brady- | Slow | ေႏွးေသာ |
| bucc/bucco- | Cheek | ပါးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| carcin/carcino- | Cancer | ကင္ဆာႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| cardi/cardio- | heart, esophageal | ႏွလံုးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ၊ အစာမ်ိဳျပြန္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| -cele | pouching, hernia | အိတ္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ၊ အူက်၊ |
| -centesis | puncture for aspiration | စုတ္ထုတ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| cephal/cephalo- | head | ဦးေခါင္းႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| chem/chemo- | chemistry, drug | ဓါတ္ပစၥည္း-ေဆး၀ါးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| chlor/chloro- | Green | အစိမ္းေရာင္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| chol- | Bile | သဲေျခအိတ္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| chondrio/chondro- | cartilage, gristle | အရိုးႏုႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| chrom/chromato- | color | အေရာင္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| -cidal/cide | killing, destroying | ေသျခင္းႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| circum- | around | ပတ္ပတ္လည္ |
| co- | with, together, in association | အတူတကြ |
| col/colo/colono- | colon | အူမၾကီးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| Com- | with, together | အတူတကြ |
| Contra | against | ဆန္ ့က်င္၍ |
| cor- | with, together | အတူတကြ |
| Costo | ribs | နံရိုး |
| crani/cranio- | cranium, skull | ဦးေခါင္းခြံ |
| cry/cryo- | cold | အေအး |
| Cycl- | circle, cycle | စက္၀ိုင္း |
| Cyst/cysti/cysto- | bladder or sac | အိတ္ |
| cyt/cyto-/-cyte | cell | ဆဲလ္-ကလပ္စည္း |
| dacrio- | tear | မ်က္ရည္ |
| dactyl/dactylo- | digit (finger or toe) | လက္ေခ်ာင္း-ေျခေခ်ာင္းေလးမ်ား |
| derm/dermato- | skin | အေရျပား |
| dextr/dextro- | right, on the right side | ညာဘက္ |
| di-/dif- | separation | ခြဲျခားျခင္း |
| dis- | separation, taking apart | ခြဲျခားျခင္း၊ ပါ၀င္ျခင္း၊ |
| duodeno- | duodenum | ဒူယိုဒီနမ္ |
| dynamo- | force, energy | အင္နာဂ်ီ-အင္အား၊ |
| -dynia | pain | နာက်င္မွဳ၊ |
| Dys- | bad, difficult | ခက္ခဲေသာ၊ ဆိုးေသာ၊ |
| Ect- | outer, outside | အျပင္ဘက္ |
| -ectasis | expansion, dilation | က်ယ္ေသာ၊ ကားေသာ၊ |
| ecto- | outer, outside | အျပင္ဘက္၊ |
| -ectomy | excision, removal | ထုတ္ျပစ္ျခင္း၊ |
| -emia | blood condition | ေသြးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| -encephal/encephalo- | brain | ဦးေႏွာက္ |
| enter/entero- | small intestine | အူသိမ္ |
| Epi- | upon | အထက္ |
| erythr/erythro- | red | နီေသာ |
| eu- | good, well | ေကာင္းေသာ |
| ex- | out of, away from | အျပင္ဘက္၊ အေ၀းဘက္၊ |
| Exo- | exterior, outward | အျပင္ဘက္၊ |
| extra- | outside | အျပင္ဘက္၊ |
| -galact/galacto- | milk | ႏို ့ |
| gloss/glosso- | tongue | လွ်ာ |
| gluco-/glyco- | glucose | ဂလူးကို ့စ္-သၾကား |
| -gram | recording | မွတ္တမ္း |
| -graph | recording instrument | မွတ္တမ္းတင္ကရိယာ |
| -graphy | process of recording | မွတ္တမ္းတင္ျဖစ္စဥ္ |
| gyn/gyno-/gynae/gynaeco- gyne/gyneco- | woman | အမ်ိဳးသမီးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| haem/haema/haemat/haemato/haemo- | blood | ေသြးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| hem/hema/hemat/hemato- | Blood | ေသြးႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| hemi- | one-half | တ၀က္ |
| hemo- | Blood | ေသြး |
| hepat/hepatico/hepato- | liver | အသဲ |
| hydr/hydro- | Water | ေရႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ |
| hyper-/hypo- | above normal, excessive | မ်ားေသာ |
| hyster/hystero- | uterus | သားအိမ္ |
| infra- | Below | ေအာက္ |
| inter- | between, among | ႏွစ္ခုအတြင္း |
| intra- | Within | အထဲ |
| -ism | condition, disease | ေရာဂါ၊ ေရာဂါအေျခအေန |
| -ismus | spasm, contraction | ၾကြက္သားၾကံဳ ့ျခင္း |
| -itis | inflammation | ေရာင္ျခင္း |
| kerat/kerato- | cornea (eye or skin) | မ်က္စိအၾကည္လႊာ |
| lacrim/lacrimo- | Tear | မ်က္ရည္ |
| lact/lacti/lacto- | milk | ႏို ့ |
| -lepsis/lepsy | seizure | တက္ျခင္း |
| leuk/leuko- | White | ျဖဴေသာ |
| linguo- | tongue | လွ်ာ |
| Lip/lipo- | fat | အဆီ |
| Lith/litho- | stone, calculus | ေက်ာက္ကပ္ |
| -logy | study of | ေလ့လာမွဳ၊ ပညာ |
| lymph/lympho- | Lymph | လင့္ဖ္ |
| macr/macro- | large, long | ၾကီးေသာ၊ ရွည္ေသာ၊ |
| mast/masto- | Breast | ရင္သား |
| meg/mega- | Large | ၾကီးေသာ |
| megal/megalo-/-megaly | Large | ၾကီးေသာ |
| mes/meso- | Middle | အလယ္ |
| meta- | after, behind | ေနာက္ |
| -meter | instrument for measuring | တိုင္းတာသည့္ကရိယာ |
| -metry | process of measuring | တိုင္းတာသည့္ျဖစ္စဥ္ |
| micr/micro- | smallness, one-millionth | တသန္းပံု-တပံု၊ ေသးျခင္း၊ |
| mon/mono- | Single | တခုတည္း |
| muscul/musculo-/my/myo- | muscle | ၾကြက္သား |
| myc/myco- | fungus | ဖန္းဂတ္စ္(မွိဳ) |
| myel/myelo- | bone marrow, spinal cord | ရိုးတြင္ျခင္ဆီ |
| necr/necro- | Death | ေသျခင္း |
| neo- | New | အသစ္ |
| nephr/nephro- | kidney | ေက်ာက္ကပ္ |
| neur/neuri/neuro- | nerve | အာရံုေၾကာ |
| normo- | normal | ပံုမွန္ |
| oculo- | eye | မ်က္စိ |
| odont/odonto- | tooth | သြား |
| odyn/odyno- | pain | နာက်င္မွဳ |
| -oma | tumor | အၾကိတ္အခဲ၊ အလံုး၊ |
| oophor/oophoro- | Ovary | မ်ိဳးေလာင္းအိမ္ |
| ophthalm/ophthalmo- | Eye | မ်က္စိ |
| osseo- | Bony | အရိုး |
| ossi-/ost/oste/osteo- | Bony | အရိုး |
| ot/oto- | ear | နား |
| ovari/ovario/ovi/ovo- | Ovary | မ်ိဳးေလာင္းအိမ္ |
| path/patho-/-pathy | disease | ေရာဂါ |
| pelv/pelvi/pelvo- | hip bone | တင္ပါးရိုး |
| -penia | deficiency | နည္းျခင္း |
| pharmaco- | drug, medicine | ေဆး၀ါး |
| phleb/phlebo- | vein | ေသြးျပန္ေၾကာ |
| phon/phono- | Sound | အသံ |
| phos-/phot/photo- | Light | အလင္း |
| phren/phreni-/phrenico/phreno- | diaphragm | ဒိုင္ယာဖရမ္ |
| plasty | surgical repair, reconstruction | ခြဲစိတ္ျပဳျပင္ |
| -plegia | paralysis | အာရံုေၾကာအလုပ္မလုပ္ |
| pleur/pleura/pleuro- | rib, pleura | နံရိုး-ပလူရာ |
| pneum/pneuma-/pneumat/pneumato- | air, lung | အဆုပ္-ေလ |
| pod/podo- | foot | ေျခေထာက္ |
| post- | after, behind, posterior | ေနာက္ပိုင္း |
| pre- | anterior, before | ေရွ ့ပိုင္း |
| presby/presbyo- | old age | အိုျခင္း |
| pro- | before, forward | အရင္၊ ေရွ ့ |
| proct/procto- | anus, rectum | စအို၊ အစာေဟာင္းအိမ္၊ |
| pyel/pyelo- | pelvis | (ပဲလဗစ္) တင္ပဆံု |
| pyo- | pus | ျပည္ |
| pyro- | fever | အဖ်ား |
| quadr/quadri- | Four | ေလးခု |
| Re- | again, backward | ထပ္ျဖစ္ျခင္း |
| rect/recto- | rectum | အစာေဟာင္းအိမ္ |
| ren/reno- | kidney | ေက်ာက္ကပ္ |
| reticul/reticulo- | Net | ပိုက္ |
| retro- | backward, behind | ေနာက္ |
| rhin/rhino- | nose | ႏွာေခါင္း |
| -rrhagia | discharge | ဆင္းျခင္း |
| -rrhaphy | surgical suturing | ခ်ဳပ္ျခင္း |
| -rrhea | flowing | စီးဆင္းျခင္း |
| -rrhexis | rupture | ကြဲျခင္း |
| salping/salpingo- | Tube | ျပြန္ |
| scler/sclero- | hardness | မာျခင္း |
| -scope | instrument for viewing | ၾကည့္သည့္ကရိယာ |
| semi- | one-half, partly | တ၀က္ |
| sial/sialo- | saliva, salivary gland | သြားရည္၊ သြားရည္ထြက္သည့္ဂလင္း၊ |
| somat- somatico- somato- | body, bodily | ကိုယ္ထည္၊ ကိုယ္ထည္ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ၊ |
| spasmo- | spasm | တုန္ခါျခင္း-ညွစ္ျခင္း |
| sperma- spermato- spermo- | semen, spermatozoa | သုတ္ပိုး |
| splen/spleno- | spleen | ေဘလံုး |
| spondyl/spondylo- | vertebra | ခါးရိုး |
| -stasis | stop, stand | ရပ္တန္ ့ျခင္း၊ |
| steno- | narrowness, constriction | က်ဥ္းေသာ၊ |
| stom/stoma-/stomat/stomato- | mouth | ပါးစပ္၊ |
| super-/supra- | in excess, above, superior | အထက္၊ မ်ားျခင္း၊ |
| Sy/syl-/sym- or syn- or sys- | together | အတူတကြ |
| tachy- | Fast | ျမန္ေသာ |
| -tension/-tensive | pressure (of blood) | ဖိအား(ေသြး) |
| therm/thermo- | Heat | အပူ |
| thorac/thoracico/thoraco- | chest, thorax | ရင္ပတ္ |
| thromb/thrombo- | blood clot | ေသြးခဲ |
| thyr/thyro- | thyroid gland | သိုင္းရြိဳက္-ဂလင္း |
| -tome and -tomy | cutting instrument | ျဖတ္ေတာက္သည့္ကရိယာ |
| tox/toxi/toxico/toxo- | toxin, poison | အဆိပ္ |
| trache/tracheo- | trachea | ေလျပြန္ |
| trans- | across, through, beyond | ကန္ ့လန္ ့ |
| trich/trichi/trichia/tricho- | hair, hairlike structure | ဆံပင္၊ ဆံပင္ကဲ့သို ့၊ |
| tympan/tympano- | eardrum | နားစည္ |
| -ula/ule | Small | ေသးငယ္ေသာ |
| uni- | One | တခု |
| ur/uro- | urine | ဆီး |
| varic/varico- | swollen or twisted vein | ေဖါင္းေနေသာ၊ လိမ္ေကာက္ေနေသာေသြးျပန္ေၾကာ |
| vas-/vaso- | duct, blood vessel | ျပြန္၊ ေသြးေၾကာ |
| vasculo- | blood vessel | ေသြးေၾကာ |
| xanth/xantho- | yellow, yellowish | အ၀ါေရာင္ |
Types and Names of Bacteria and Medicines for Bacteria
ပိုးအုပ္စု၊ ပိုးအမ်ိဳးအစား၊ ေဆးမ်ား ဗက္တီးရီးယားမ်ားကို အမ်ဳိးအစားခဲြရန္၊ (ဂရမ္)ဆိုးေဆးဆိုးၿပီး မိုက္ခ႐ိုစကုပ္ႏွင့္ ၾကည့္လွ်င္ မတူေသာအေရာင္မ်ားကိုျမင္ရသည္၊ (ဂရမ္-နက္ေဂးတစ္ဖ္)ႏွင့္ (ဂရမ္-ေပါ့ေဇးတစ္ဖ္)ဟုရွိသည္။ ပံုသဏၭာန္လည္းမတူၾက၊ (ေရာ့တ္)သည္ အေခ်ာင္းသဏၭာန္ရွိ၍ (ေကာ့ကိုင္း)သည္ အလံုးအ၀ုိင္း ျဖစ္သည္။
| Type of Bacteria ပိုးအုပ္စု၊ | Name of Bacteria ပိုးအမ်ဳိးအစား | Medicine ကုသရန္ေဆး၊ |
| (ဂရမ္-နက္ေဂးတစ္ဖ္) (ေကာ့ကိုင္) | ဂုိႏို-ေကာ့ကပ္စ္ | Cefixime (200-400 mg Daily Oral), Ciprofloxacin (100-200 mg BD IV or 250-750 mg BD Oral), Ofloxacin (300-400 mg BD Oral or IV) |
| (ဂရမ္-နက္ေဂးတစ္ဖ္) (ေကာ့ကိုင္) | (မနင္ဂို-ေကာ့ကပ္စ္) | Penicillin (85.710 to 171.42 mg IV/IM Daily) (37.5 mg/kg IV/IM QID); Cefotaxime (1-2 Gm/dose BD IV/IM); Ampicillin (250-500 mg QID Oral or 500-1000 mg QID IV/IM); Chloramphenicol (500-1000 mg QID Oral/IV) |
| ဂရမ္-ေပါ့ေဇးတစ္ ေကာ့ကိုင္း | စထြက္ပတို-ေကာ့ကပ္စ္၊ ႏူမိုေကာ့ကပ္စ္ | Penicillin (85.710 to 171.42 mg IV/IM Daily) (37.5 mg/kg IV/IM QID) |
| ဂရမ္-ေပါ့ေဇးတစ္ ေကာ့ကိုင္း | (စတက္ဖလို-ေကာ့ကပ္စ္) | Gentamycin (1.5 mg/kag/dose BD/TDS Oral or 1-2.5 mg/kg/dose TDS IV/IM), Rifampin (15 mg/kg Oral), Penicillin (85.710 to 171.42 mg IV/IM Daily) (37.5 mg/kg IV/IM QID) |
| ဂရမ္-ေပါ့ေဇးတစ္ ေကာ့ကိုင္း | (အင္တ႐ို-ေကာ့ကပ္စ္) | Ampicillin (250-500 mg QID Oral or 500-1000 mg QID IV/IM), Gentamycin (1.5 mg/kg/dose BD/TDS Oral or 1-2.5 mg/kg/dose TDS IV/IM) |
| (ဂရမ္- နက္ေဂးတစ္ပ္) (ေရာ့တ္) | (အီး၊ ကိုလိုင္)၊ (ဘ႐ူဆဲလား)၊ ဟီမိုဖဲလပ္စ္၊ ရွီဂဲလ္လား၊ | Clindamycin (150-450 QID Oral or 300-600 mg QID IV/IM), Metronidazole (400 mg TDS Oral), Tetracycline (250-500 mg QID Oral), Rifampin (15 mg/kg Oral), Erythromycin (250-500 mg QID Oral), Amoxicillin (0.5-1.0 G TDS Oral/IV/IM) (12.5 mg/kg TDS Oral), Ampicillin (250-500 mg QID Oral or 500-1000 mg QID IV/IM), Streptomycin (15 mg/kg IM) |
| (ဂရမ္-ေပါ့ေဇးတစ္ပ္) (ေရာ့တ္) | ကေလာ္စ႐ိုက္ဒီယမ္၊ အင္းႆရက္စ္ပိုး၊ | Penicillin (85.710 to 171.42 mg IV/IM Daily) (37.5 mg/kg IV/IM QID), Erythromycin (250-500 mg QID Oral), Ampicillin (250-500 mg QID Oral or 500-1000 mg QID IV/IM) |
| (အက္စစ္-ဖတ္စ္) (ေရာ့တ္) သို ့မဟုတ္ (ဗက္ဆလိုင္)၊ | (တီဘီ)ပိုး၊ | INH (300 mg OD Oral), Rifampin (15 mg/kg Oral), Pyrazinamide (20-30 mg/kg Daily Oral), Ethanbutol (15-25 mg/kg Daily Oral), Streptomycin (15 mg/kg IM) |
| စပိုင္႐ို-ခ်က္စ္ | (ဆစ္ဖလစ္ပိုး) | Penicillin (85.710 to 171.42 mg IV/IM Daily) (37.5 mg/kg IV/IM QID) |
Medicine for Emergencies and Acute Diseases
ရုတ္တရက္ ႏွင့္ အေရးေပၚေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား၊
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| ေရွာ့ခ္ (အနာဖလက္ဆစ္) Anaphylaxis (Shock) | Epinephrine (Adrenaline) IM/SC 0.3ml for adults and over 12 years. 1 to 2 years 0.05ml to 0.1ml; 2 to 6 years - 0.15 ml; 6 to 12 years - 0.2 ml 10-15 မိနစ္အထိ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနပါက ေနာက္ထပ္ ထပ္ထိုးပါ၊ ေအာက္စီဂ်င္ေပးရန္ လိုလွ်င္လိုမည္။ ေသြးေၾကာထဲ Drip သြင္းထားျခင္း လိုအပ္နိုင္သည္။ Antihistamines and Corticosteroids တုိ႔လည္းလိုႏိုင္သည္။ ႏွလံုး-အဆုပ္ျပန္အလုပ္ လုပ္ေစရန္နည္း CPR လုပ္ပါ၊ Acute pulmonary edema ေခၚ ႐ုတ္တရက္ အဆုပ္ေရာင္ျခင္းျဖစ္လာပါက Furosemide (Lasix) 0.5-1 mg IV stat and every 2-3 hours |
| Poisoning and antidote အဆိပ္သင့္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ေျဖေဆးမ်ား၊ | Acetaminophen for Acetylcysteine; Atropine for Physostigmine; Atropine and Pralidoxime for Anticholinesterases (Organophosphate); Oxygen for Carbon Monoxide; Sodium Nitrate, Sodium Thiosulphate for Cyanide; Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine) forINH (Isoniazid); Naloxone, Nalmefene for Opiods |
| Seizures and Epilepsy အတက္ေရာဂါ၊ ၀က္႐ူး ျပန္ေရာဂါ၊ | Phenytoin 200-400 mg , Carbamazepine 600-1200 mg, Phenobarbital 100-200 mg |
| Headache, Migraine (Episodical throbbing headache) ေခါင္းမူး-ေခါင္းကိုက္ ေရာဂါမ်ား၊ | Aspirin 650-1950 mg, Propranolol 80-240 mg, Amitriptyline 10-150 mg, Imipramine 10-150 mg, Sertraline 50-200 mg; Cough headache = Indomethacin 75-150 mg daily; Post-traumatic headache = Amitriptyline, Propranolol |
| Acute Rheumatic fever and heart disease ႐ူမက္တစ္ အဖ်ားေရာဂါ ႏွင့္ ႏွလံုးေရာဂါ၊ | (1) Aspirin 0.6-0.9 Gm 4 hourly, (2) Benzathine Penicillin 1.2 million units IM stat or Procaine Penicillin 600,00 units IM OD x 10 days or Erythromycin 250-500 mg QID, (3) Prednisolone 40-60 mg Orally daily with tapering over 2 weeks; Prevention = Benzathine Penicillin G 1.2 million units IM x 4 weeks or Orally Penicillin 200,000-250,000 units BD or Sulfasoxazole 1 Gm daily or Erythromycin 250 mg BD |
| Peritonitis ၀မ္းတြင္းေျမွး ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Ampicillin 1-2 Gm QID + Gentamycin 2 mg/kg TDS + Metronidazole 500 mg IV TDS; Cefotaxime 2 Gm IV BD/TDS |
| Intra-Abdominal Sepsis ၀မ္း ဗိုက္အတြင္း ပိုး၀င္ျခင္း၊ | Ampicillin 1-2 Gm QID + Gentamycin 2 mg/kg TDS + Metronidazole 500 mg IV TDS |
| Intra-Abdominal Anaerobic infections ၀မ္းဗိုက္ထဲ ေလမႀကိဳက္သည့္ ပိုး၀င္ျခင္း၊ | Ciprofloxacin 750 mg BD + Metronidazole 500 mg TDS |
| Septic Thrombophlebitis ေသြးျပန္ေၾကာေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Vancomycin 15 mg/kg BD + Gentamycin 2 mg/kg TDS or Tobamycin 5 mg/kg or Amikacin 15 mg/kg |
| Tetanus ေမးခိုင္ေရာဂါ၊ | Tetanus Immune Globulin 5,000 units IM followed by ATT 2 doses and symptomatic treatments |
| ခဲြစိတ္လူနာမ်ားအား ေရာဂါပိုးမ၀င္ ေစရန္ ႀကိဳတင္ေပးမည့္ေဆး၊ | Cefazolin 1-2 Gm IV (Head & Neck, Neurologic, Thoracic, Orthopedic, LSCS, Hysterectomy, Gastroduodenal, Biliary, Urologic, Appendectomy, Breast, Hernia); Neomycin + Erythromycin 1 Gm Orally each at 19, 18, 9 hours before surgery (or) Cefotetan or Cefoxtin 1-2 Gm IV |
| Heart attack or Stroke (Myocardial infarction) ႏွလံုးေသြးေၾကာပိတ္ျခင္း၊ | Alteplase 0.75 mg/kg; Aspirin 300-600 mg QID; Atenolol 5 mg IV or 50-100 mg Oral Daily; Atropine (Sulphate) 0.5 to 1.0 mg IM/IV; Camylofin 0.285-0.857 mg/kg TDS Oral; Diltiazem (HCl) 30-60 mg TDS Oral; Glyceryl Trinitrate 0.5 to 1.0 mg Sublingual; Heparin (Na) and Heparin (Cl) 5,000 IU IV, 20,000-30,000 IU IV Infusion, 5,000 IU TDS S/C; Metoprolol (Tartrate) Orally and IV. 100-200 mg BD Oral; Mexiletine (HCl) 2.857-5.714 mg/kg TDS Oral; Morphine 5-15 mg 4 hourly IM; Nadolol 40-240 mg Oral; Nicoumalone 0.114 to 0.171 mg/kg Oral; Sodium Nitroprusside 20-400 ug/min IV Infusion; Streptokinase 250,000 IU IV or 1.0 mlU/hour IV Infusion |
| Acute Endocarditis ႏွလံုးအတြင္းသားေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Vancomycin 15 mg/kg BD + Gentamycin 2 mg/kg TDS |
| Acute Pancreatitis (Severe pain, nausea and vomiting, weakness, sweating, anxiety, tender and distended abdomen absence of bowel sounds, mild jaundice) ရုတ္တရက္ သရက္ရြက္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Meperidine 100-150 mg IM every 3-4 hours + Calcium Gloconate IV if tetany is present + Serum or plasma albumin infusion + IV fluids + Tube feeding + Imipenem 500 mg TDS or Cefuroxime 1.5 Gm IV followed by 250 mg Orally BD + No alcohol, low fat, no narcotics |
| Meningitis bacterial ဦးေႏွာက္ေျမွးေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Cefotaxime (Cetriaxone 4 Gm, Ceftazidime or Ceftizoxime) 2-3 Gm IV QID or Ceftrixone 2 Gm IV BD + Vancomycin 10 mg/kg TDS ± Rifampin; Meningitis bacterial age > 50 = Ampicillin 2 Gm IV every 4 hours + 2-3 Gm IV QID or Ceftrixone 2 Gm IV BD + Vancomycin 10 mg/kg TDS; Meningitis postoperative = Vancomycin 10 mg/kg TDS + Ceftazidime 3 Gm IV TDS; Dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg IV QID for coma cases; TB Meningitis = Rifampin, INH, Pyrazinamide + Dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg QID x 1-2 weeks |
| Brain abscess ဦးေႏွာက္ျပည္တည္ျခင္း၊ | (1) Penicillin G 4 million units IV every 4 hours or Penicillin G 2 million units every 2 hours IV + Metronidazole 750 mg IV every 6 hours (or) + Chloramphenicol 1-2 Gm IV every 6 hours x 6-8 weeks plus Dexamethasone 4-25 mg QID + Surgery; (2) Cefotaxime 2-3 Gm IV QID or Ceftriaxone 2 Gm IV BD + Metronidazole 500 mg IV/Orally TDS + Surgery |
| Bell’s Palsy မ်က္ႏွာတျခမ္း အေၾကာေသျခင္း၊ | Prednisolone 60-80 mg daily in divided doses x 4-5 days followed by tapering of dose x next 7-10 days |
| Acute Cholecystitis ရုတ္တရက္ သဲေျခလမ္း ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Morphine for pain + Surgery ခဲြစိတ္ရန္၊ |
| Cholangitis & Choledocholithiasis (Pain/colic over RHC, Fever and chills, history of jaundice, Hepatomegaly) သဲေျခအိပ္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Surgery + Ciprofloxacin 250 mg IV BD or Mezlocillin 3 Gm IV every 4 hours plus Metronidazole 500 mg IV QID and or Gentamycin 2 mg/kg IV loading dose followed by 1.5 mg/kg TDS; Post-operative = Ampicillin 500 mg IV QID or Ciprofloxacin 250 mg IV BD or Cefoperazone 1-2 Gm IV BD |
Medicine for Diseases of GI Tract
၀မ္းႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ေသာေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| ၀မ္းေလ်ာျခင္း၊ | Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) 5 mg TDS for adult; For children 0.166 mg/kg TDS |
| ခရီးသြား၀မ္းေလ်ာျခင္း၊ | Fluoroquinolones, e.g. Ciprofloxacin 500 mg Ofloxacin 400 mg Norfloxacin 400 mg BD; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg BD; Erythromycin 250-500 mg QID; Metronidazole 250 mg TDS |
| Bacillary Dysentery, Diarrhea caused by E-coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Giardia, Traveler's diarrhea (ဗက္ဆလရီ) ၀မ္းကိုက္ေရာဂါ၊ ခရီးသြား၀မ္း ပ်က္ျခင္း-၀မ္းကိုက္ျခင္း၊ | Furazolidone 25-50 mg QID |
| Amebic Dysentery (အမီးဘားပိုး)ေၾကာင့္ ၀မ္းကိုက္ျခင္း၊ | Metronidazole 500-750 mg TDS x 10 days or Tinidazole 800 mg TDS x 3-5 days (plus) Diiodohydroxyquin 650 mg TDS x 21 days or Paromomycin 25-30 mg/kg (max. 3 Gm) in divided doses after meal x 7 days |
| Shigella Dysentery (Shigellosis) (ရွီဂဲလား- ဘက္တီးရီးယား)ေၾကာင့္ ၀မ္းပ်က္ ျခင္း-၀မ္းကိုက္ျခင္း၊ | TMP-SMZ 160/800 mg BD x 7-10 days or Ciprofloxacin 750 mg BD x 7-10 days |
| Food Poisoning and Traveler’s Diarrhea အစာဆိပ္သင့္ျခင္း၊ ခရီးသြား၀မ္း ပ်က္ျခင္း၊ | Clostridium = Vancomycin, Metronidazole; E. Coli and Salmonella = Fluoroquinolone ; Yersinia = Tetracycline or Gentamycin |
| Giardiasis (ဂိုင္ယာဒီးယား)ပိုး၀င္၍ ၀မ္း ပ်က္ျခင္း၊ | Tinidazole 2 Gm stat or Metronidazole 250 mg TDS x 5-7 days or Furazolidone 100 mg QID x 7-10 days or Quinacrine 100 mg TDS PC x 5-7 days or Albendazole 400 mg daily x 5 days |
| Gastroenteritis (GE) အစာလမ္း(အူ)ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | For Salmonella TMP-SMZ double strength BD x 5 days or Ampicillin 500 mg QID x 5 days or Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD x 5 days or For E histolytica Metronidazole 750 mg TDS x 5-10 days followed by Diiodohydroxyquin 600 mg TDS x 3 weeks |
Medicine for Diseases of Digestive Tract
အစာလမ္း ေလနာေရာဂါအမ်ဴိးမ်ဳိးေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| A type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes many ulcers အစာလမ္းေလနာေရာဂါ၊ | Treatment to get rid of H. pylori usually takes about 2 to 3 weeks ; Antacids = Aluminium Hydroxide and Oxide 250-1500 mg TDS; Bismuth Salts 530 mg QID; Calcium Carbonate 1250-1500; Magnesium Oxides and Hydroxides 200-400 mg TDS; H2 blockers = Ranitidine 150 mg TDS Oral/IV/IM; Cimetidine (HCl) 400 mg BD Oral; Proton Pump Inhibitor = Omeprazole; Amisulpride 0.714-4.285 mg/kg Daily Oral; Atropine (Sulphate) 0.5 to 1.0 mg IV/IM; Diclofenac (Na) 75 mg deep IM or 25-75 mg BD Oral |
| Duodenal ulcer အစာလမ္း အူသိမ္၏အစပိုင္းရွိ ေလနာေရာဂါ၊ | Bismuth Salts 530 mg QID; Cimetidine (HCl) 400 mg BD Oral; Famotidine 20-40 mg Oral; Lansoprazole 15-30 mg Daily Oral; Nizatidine 150 mg OD or BD; Omeprazole 20-40 mg Daily Oral; Pirenzepine (di HCl) 0.238-0.714 mg/kg TDS; Propantheline (Br) 15 mg TDS; Ranitidine 150 mg TDS Oral/IV/IM |
| Esophagitis, Heartburn, Gastroesophageal Reflux အစာလမ္း အစာၿမိဳျပြန္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ ရင္ပတ္ပူျခင္း။ အစာေျခရည္အထက္ တက္ျခင္း။ | Mild cases = Antacids, Cemetidine 200-400 mg, Ranitidine and Nizatidine 75-150 mg, Famotidine 10-20 mg; Moderate cases = Ranitidine and Nizatidine 150 mg, Famotidine 20 mg or Cemetidine 400-800 mg BD; Omeprazole or Rabeprazole 20 mg, Lansoprazole 40 mg OD; Severe cases = Omeprazole or Rabeprazole 20 mg, Lansoprazole 30 mg OD, Pantoprazole or Esomeprazole 40 mg OD or BD |
| Stress Gastritis အစာလမ္း-အစာအိမ္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ စိတ္-အလုပ္ ရႈပ္၍ ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Cimetidine 900-1200 mg, Ranitidine 150 mg or Famotidine 20 mg infusion |
| Active ulcers and NSAID Gastric/Duodenal Ulcers အကိုက္ေပ်ာက္ေဆးမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ေသာ အစာအိမ္ေလနာ၊ ရုတ္တရက္ျဖစ္သည့္ ေလနာ၊ | (1) Omeprazole 20 mg or Rabeparzole 20 mg, Lansoprazole 15-30 mg, Pantoprazole 40 mg 30 minutes before meals BD; Clarithromycin 500 mg BD Amoxacillin 1 Gm BD or Metronidazole 500 mg BD (2) Omeprazole 20 mg, Rabeparzole 20 mg, Lansoprazole 30 mg, Pantoprazole 40 mg 30 minutes before meals; Bismuth subsalicylate 2 QID (3) Trtracycline 500 mg QID/Metronidazole 250 mg QID Ranidine Bismuth citrate 400 mg BD; Claithromycin 500 mg BD (4) Amoxacillin 1 Gm/Tretracycline 500 mg/Metronidazole 500 mg BD; After 10-14 days course of above; Omeprazole 20 mg or Rabeparzole 20 mg, Lansoprazole 15-30 mg, Pantoprazole 40 mg 30 minutes before meals OD (or) Ranitidine and Nizatidine 300 mg, Famotidine 40 mg and Cimetidine 800 mg HS x 4-8 weeks |
Medicine for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
လိင္မွတဆင့္ ကူးစက္သည့္ ေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Gonococcal Cervicitis, Urethritis, Pharyngitis ဂႏုိရီးယားေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ေသာ ဆီးျပြန္အ၀ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ သားအိမ္အ၀ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ အာေခါင္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Ciprofloxacin 500 mg stat or Ofloxacin 400 mg stat |
| Uncomplicated Gonorrhea သာမန္ဂႏိုေရာဂါ၊ | Ceftriaxone 125 mg IM or Cefixime 400 mg Orally as single dose or Ciprofloxacin 500 mg or Ofloxacin 400 mg or Levofloxacin 250 mg or for Penicillin Allergic patients = Spetinomycin 1 Gm IM stat (or) Cefpodoxime 400 mg, (or) Levofloxacin 250 mg daily |
| Complicated Gonorrhea ရႈတ္ေထြးေသာ ဂႏိုေရာဂါ၊ | Penicillin G 10 million units IV daily x 5 days; Ceftriaxone 1 Gm IV daily x 5 days; Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD or Levofloxacin 500 mg OD x 5 days; Endocarditis = Ceftriaxone 1 Gm BD IV x 3 weeks |
| Primary Syphilis ပဌမဆင့္ ဆစ္ဖလစ္ | Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM once or for nonpregnant Penicillin Allergic patient Doxycycline 100 mg BD x 2 weeks or Tetracycline 500 mg QID x 2 weeks or Erythromycin 500 mg QID x 2 weeks Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM once a week x 3 weeks; Procaine penicillin G 2-4 million units IM 10-14 days |
| Secondary Syphilis (Skin, Mucosal lesions; Memnigitis) ဒုတိယဆင့္ ဆစ္ဖလစ္၊ အေရျပား-ဦးေႏွာက္ေျမွး၊ | Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM once or Doxycycline for non-pregnant Penicillin Allergic patient 100 mg BD x 2 weeks or Tetracycline 500 mg QID x 2 weeks or Erythromycin 500 mg QID x 2 weeks |
| Tertiary Syphilis (Skin, Mucous Membranes, Eyes, Skeltal, Respiratory, GI, Cardiovascular) တတိယဆင့္ ဆစ္ဖလစ္၊ အေရျပား-ဦးေႏွာက္ေျမွး၊ မ်က္စိ၊ အရိုး၊ အသက္ရွဴလမ္း၊ အစာလမ္း၊ ေသြးလွည့္လမ္း၊ | Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM once or for non-pregnant Penicillin Allergic patient Doxycycline 100 mg BD x 2 weeks or more or Tetracycline 500 mg QID x 2 weeks or more or Erythromycin 500 mg QID x 2 weeks or more |
| Neurosyphilis ဦးေႏွာက္-အာရုံေၾကာဆစ္ဖလစ္ | Benzathine Penicillin 2.4 million units weekly x 3 weeks or Crystalline Penicillin G 3-4 million units IV 4 hourly x 10-14 days or Procaine Penicillin 2.4 million units IM OD + Probenacid 500 mg QID x 10-14 days (or) Chloramphenicol 2 Gm daily x 30 days, Doxycycline 200 mg BD x 21 days and Ceftriaxone 1 Gm daily x 14 days |
| Prostatitis က်ားဆီးႀကိတ္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Ceftriaxone 250 mg IV single dose + Doxycycline 100 mg Orally BD x 10 days |
| Chlamydia (ကလင္မ္မိုင္ဒီးယာ) | Azithromycin 1 Gm Orally (or) Doxycycline 100 mg BD Orally x 7 days |
| Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) (လင္ဖိုဂရင္ႏူလိုမား) | Doxycycline 100 mg twice per day by mouth for 21 days |
| Genital Herpes လိင္လမ္းေရယံု၊ First Episode ျဖစ္ခါစ၊ Recurrent Infection ျပန္ျဖစ္ျခင္း၊ | Acyclovir 400mg three times/day or 200mg five times/day x 7-10 days; Acyclovir 400mg three times/day or 800mg three/day for 2 days x 3-5 days |
| Chancroid ရွန္ကာရြိဳက္ေရာဂါ၊ | Azithromycin 1 Gm stat or a single injection of Ceftriaxone (or) Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD Orally x 3 days, or Erythromycin, 500 mg QID Orally x 7 days |
| Gonococcal pharyngitis ဂႏိုေၾကာင့္ အာေခါင္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Ceftriaxone 125 Gm IM, Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally, and Ofloxacin 400 mg orally |
| Systemic gonorrheal infections involving the skin and/or joints အ႐ိုး-အဆစ္-အေရျပား ဂႏိုပိုး၀င္ျခင္း၊ | Ceftriaxone 1 Gm IM/IV every 24 hours, or Cefotaxime or Ceftizoxime 1 Gm IV TDS (or) Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD or Orofloxacin 400 mg OD x 14 days, along with the treatment for Chlamydia. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); Hepatitis B = Hepatitis C; Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8) |
Pneumonias and Respiratory Tract Diseases
ႏူမိုးနီးယားအမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးႏွင့္ အသက္ရွဴလမ္းေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Pneumonia ႏူမိုးနီးယား၊ | Erythromycin 500 mg IV QID or Doxycycline 100 mg IV or Orally BD + Cefotaxime 1-2 Gm IV TDS ; Clindamycin 600 mg IV QID or Amoxacillin 500 mg TDS Penicillin G 1.2 million units IV QID + Metronidazole 500 mg IV or Orally; Doxycycline 100 mg BD or Erythromycin 500 mg QID or Azithromycin 500 mg on day 1 and 250 mg on days 2-5; Amoxicillin 500 mg QID x 7-10 days or Fluoroquinolone (Levofloacin) 500 mg OD/Gatifloxacin 400 mg OD/Sparfloxacin 400 mg on day 1 and 200 mg OD/Moxifloxacin 400 mg OD x 10-14 days; Clarithromycin 500 mg BD x 10 days or Doxycycline 200 mg BD x 10 days; Cefotaxime or Cefipime 1-2 g IV 8-12 hourly |
| Anaerobic Pneumonia and Lung Abscess (ေလမႀကိဳက္သည့္ပိုး)ႏူမိုးနီးယား၊ အဆုုပ္ျပည္တည္ျခင္း၊ | (1) Penicillins (Penicillin G 1-2 million units IV 4-6 hourly or Amoxacillin 500 mg TDS) + Metronidazole 500 mg IV or Orally BD/TDS (2) Clindamycin 600 mg IV TDS followed by 300 mg QID Orally or Amoxacillin 875 mg BD |
| Postoperative Pneumonia ခဲြစိတ္ၿပီးရသည့္ ႏူမိုးနီးယား၊ | Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone or Cefipime 2 Gm IV TDS or Piperacillin-Tazobactam 4-5 Gm IV QID with or without Tobramycin or Ciprofloxacin |
| Aspiration Pneumonia အန္ဖတ္၀င္၍ျဖစ္ေသာ ႏူမိုးနီးယား | Clindamycin 300 mg Orally TDS or (TMP 160 mg + SMZ 800 mg) BD x 10 days or Phenoxymethyl Penicillin 500 mg Orally QID x 10-14 days |
| Community-acquired Pneumonia လူစုလူေ၀းမွ ရေသာ ႏူမိုးနီးယား | (1) Clarithromycin 500 mg BD or Azithromycin 500 mg stat and 250 mg OD x 4 days (2) Doxycycline 100 mg BD (3) Fluroquinolones such as Gatifloxacin 400 mg OD or Moxifloxacin 400 mg OD, Eruthromycin 250-500 mg QID, Cefuroxime axetil 250-500 mg BD, Cefpodoxime proxetil 100-200 mg BD or Cefprozil 250-500 mg BD (4) Erythromycin (Azithromycin, Clarthromycin) 500 mg Orally or IV QID or Doxycycline 100 mg IV or Orally BD + Cefotaxime 2 Gm IV TDS or Ceftriaxone 1 Gm IV OD or Fluoroquinolone alone |
| Upper Respiratory Tract infections, Pneumonias အသက္ရွဴလမ္း အေပၚပိုင္း ပိုး၀င္ျခင္း၊ ႏူမိုးနီးယား၊ | Penicillin G, Amoxacillin, Doxycycline, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin, TMP-SMZ, Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin |
| Chest infection အသက္ရွဴလမ္းေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Penicillin 2 million units IV every 4 hours followed by Amoxacillin 500 mg TDS Orally |
| Aphthous ulcer (အက္ဖ္သပ္စ္ အာလ္ဆာ)၊ Herpatic Stomatitis လွ်ာနာျခင္း၊ | Fluocinonide ointment 0.05% or Triamcinolone acetate 0.1% ointment; Diclofenic 3%; Acyclovir 200-800 mg x 5 times daily x 7-14 days; Ulcerative Gingivitis = Penicillin 250 mg TDS x 10 days |
| Laryngitis လည္ေခ်ာင္းနာ၊ | Erythromycin 250 mg QID; Benzarthine penicillin G 1.2 million units IM as a single dose; Penicillin VK 500 mg QID or Amoxacillin 750 mg BD |
| Acute Sinusitis ဆိုင္းနပ္စ္၊ | Amoxacillin 500 mg Orally TDS or (TMP 160 mg + SMZ 800 mg) BD x 10 days or Augmentin (Amoxacillin + Clavulanic acid) 500 mg TDS or Cefuroxime 500 mg Orally BD or Cefpodoxime 200-400 mg daily or Doxycycline 100 mg BD; Pseudoephedrine 30-120 mg + Nasal Oxymetazoline 0.5% or Xylometazoline 0.05-0.1% sprays TDS/QID; Amoxacillin 500 mg TDS or (4 mg/kg TMP- 20 mg/kg SMZ) one double strength tablet = 80-160 mg TMP + 160-800 mg SMZ) BD x 10 days; Cephalexin 250-500 mg QID, Cefuroxime 250 mg BD, Cefaclor 250 mg TDS, Cefixime 400 mg/day, Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD, Azithromycin 500 mg OD |
| Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis အာသီးေရာင္ေရာဂါ၊ အာေခါင္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Benzathine Penicillin 1.2 million units IM or Procaine Penicillin Inj. 600,000 units IM x 5-10 days (or) Orally Penicillin V potassium 250 mg TDS (or) 500 mg BD x 5-10 days (or) Cefaclor 250-750 mg TDS (or) Erythromycin 500 mg Orally QID x 10 days (or) Azithromycin 500 mg on day 1 and 250 mg on days 2-5 or Clarithromycin 500 mg BD x 10 days |
| Allergic Rhinitis, Hay fever, Viral rhinitis အလာဂ်ီရၿပီး ႏွာေစးျခင္း၊ | Chlorpheniramines 4 mg BD/TDS; Cetirizine 10 mg OD |
| Diphtheria ဆံုဆို႔နာ၊ | Diphtheria antitoxin 20,000-100,000 units + Penicillin 250 mg QID or Erythromycin 500 mg QID |
Medicine for Diseases of Women
အမ်ိဳးသမီးေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Breast abscess/Puerperal Mastitis ရင္သားေရာင္ျခင္း၊၊ ရင္သားျပည္တည္ျခင္း၊ | Cloxacillin, Dicloxacilin, Oxacillin 250 mg QID x 7-10 days or Cephalosporin 500 mg QID x 5-7 days + Surgery |
| ရာသီဆင္းခ်ိန္နာျခင္း၊ Dysmenorrhea | NSAID (Ibuprofen 400-800 mg QID, Mefenamic acid 250-500 mg TDS/QID) ± Oral contraceptives |
| Premenstrual Tension ရာသီမဆင္းမီ ခံစားရသည့္ လကၡဏာမ်ား | High carbohydrate/sugar, no alcohol, low caffeine diet + Vitamin B6 100 mg/day +Exercise + Fluoxetine 20 mg/day |
Medicine for Diseases of Liver
အသဲေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess အသဲျပည္တည္နာ၊ | 3rd generation Cephalosporin and Metronidazole |
| Hepatitis A အသဲေရာင္ ေအ ပိုး၊ | Immune Globulin 0.02 mL/kg IM, Vaccine |
| Hepatitis B အသဲေရာင္ ဘီ ပိုး၊ | Immune Globulin (HBIG) 0.016 mL/kg, vaccine |
| Alcoholic Hepatitis အရက္ေၾကာင့္ အသဲေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Good Nutrition, vitamin supplement (40 kcal/kg with 1.5-2 G/kg as protein + Folic acid and B 1), Methylprednisolone 32 mg/day x 1 month |
| Cirrhosis Liver အသဲေျခာက္ေရာဂါ၊ | Nutrition (Adequate calories and protein (75-100 G/day) + Ascies treatment (Protein 60-80 G/day only + Low sodium intake + Spironolactone 100 mg daily every 3-5 days/Frurosemide 40-160 mg/day + Large volume paracentesis (4-6 L/day) + Surgery |
| Amebic Liver abscess အမီးဘားပိုးေၾကာင့္ အသဲေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Metronidazole [750 mg TDS x 10 days] or Tinidazole [800 mg TDS x 3-5 days] plus Diloxanide furoate [500 mg TDS PC x 21 days] or Idoquinol [650 mg TDS x 21 days] followed by Chloroquine [500 mg daily x 14 days] |
Medicine for Diseases of Urinary Tract
ဆီးလမ္းေၾကာင္းေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Urethritis and Cervicitis caused by Chlamydia (ကလာမိုင္ဒီယား)ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ေသာ သားအိမ္အ၀-ဆီးျပြန္အ၀ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Erythromycin 250-500 mg QID, Doxycycline 100 mg BD or Azithromycin 500 mg OD |
| Acute Pylonephritis ေက်ာက္ကပ္ျပြန္ ရက္တိုေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV BD or 750 mg BD Orally or Levofloxacin 500 mg IV OD or Ampicillin 1 Gm QID and Gentamycin 1 mg/kg TDS IV x 21 days Ciprofloxacin 500-750 mg BD Orally x 21 days or Ofloxacin 200-300-400 mg BD Orally x 21 days or Trimethoprim-Sulpfamethoxazole 160/800 mg BD x 21 days |
| Acute Cystitis and Acute Prostatitis ရက္တို ဆီးလမ္း၊ ဆီးအိမ္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ က်ား-ဆီးႀကိတ္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Cephalexin 250-500 mg QID Orally x 1-3 days; Ciprofloxacin 250-500 mg BD x 1-3 days; Nitrofurantoin 100 mg BD-QID PC x 7 days; Ofloxacin 200 mg BD x 1-3 days; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg stat |
| Chronic Prostatitis နာတာရွည္ ဆီးလမ္း၊ က်ား-ဆီးႀကိတ္ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Ciprofloxacin 250-500 mg BD Orally x 1-3 months; Ofloxacin 200-400 mg BD Orally x 1-3 months; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg BD x 1-3 months |
| Urethritis ဆီးလမ္းျပြန္အ၀ ေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Cefixime 400 mg Orally once; Ciprofloxacin 500 mg Orally once; Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM once |
| Acute Interstitial Nephritis (Due to drugs such as Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Sulfonamides, NSAIDs, Rifampin, Phenytoin, Allopurinol and Infections ေဆးမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ေက်ာက္ကပ္ေရာင္ျခင္းမ်ား၊ | Methylprednisolone 0.5-1 Gm/day x 1-4 days or Prednisolone 60 mg/day x 1-2 weeks; Acute Glomerulonephritis (Hypertension, Edema, urinary RBC and Albumin) = High-dose Steroids |
Medicine for Diseases of Eye
မ်က္စိေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Hordeolum (Sty) မ်က္စိစြန္ျခင္း၊ | I&D + Erythromycin or Bacitracin ointment every 3 hours ခဲြစိတ္ရန္၊ |
| Blepharitis မ်က္ခံြေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Tetracycline 250 mg BD, Doxycycline 100 mg daily, Erythromycin 250 mg TDS + Prednisolone 0.125% BD |
| Dacrycystitis မ်က္ရည္လမ္းေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Ciprofloxacin 0.3% Eye ointment; Antibiotics + Surgery ခြဲစိတ္ရန္၊ |
| Allergic Eye diseases အလာဂ်ီေၾကာင့္ မ်က္စိနာျခင္း၊ | Antihistamine + Corticosteroid |
| Bacterial Keratitis မ်က္စိအၾကည္လႊာေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Cefazolin 100 mg/ml and Tobamycin 15 mg/ml, Ciprofloxacin 3 mg/ml, Ofloxacin 3 mg/ml |
| Gonococcal Corneal ulcer ဂႏိုပိုးေၾကာင့္ မ်က္ၾကည္လႊာေရာင္ျခင္း၊ | Ceftriaxone 1-2 Gm IM x 5 days + Erythromycin or Bacitracin E/o |
| Herpes Simplex Keratitis ေရယံုပိုးေၾကာင့္ မ်က္စိနာျခင္း၊ | Acyclovir 200-400 mg 5 times a day Orally ေကာ္တီဇုန္းမေပးရ၊ |
| Acute Angle-closure Glaucoma (extreme pain and blurred vision + nausea) မ်က္စိေရတိမ္၊ | Acetazolamide 500 mg IV followed by 250 mg QID Orally; 4% Pilocarpine Eye drop 1 drop every 15 minutes x 1 hour and QID; Open-angle Glaucoma (No symptom but increase intraocular pressure) = Timolol 0.25-0.5% or Carteolol 1% or Levobunol 0.5% or Metipranolol 0.3% BD |
| Gonococcal Conjunctivitis ဂႏုိးပိုးေၾကာင့္မ်က္စိနာျခင္း၊ | Ceftriaxone 1 Gm IM + Erythromycin or Bacitracin E/o; Chalamydial (Trachoma) = Tetracycline/Erythromycin 250 mg QID Orally or Doxycycline 100 mg BD x 3-5 weeks or Azythromycin 20 mg/kg stat + Surgery for Entropion မ်က္ေတာင္ေမႊးစိုက္ျခင္းအတြက္ခြဲစိတ္ရန္၊ |
| Viral Conjunctivitis ဗိုင္းရပ္စ္ေၾကာင့္ မ်က္စိနာျခင္း၊ | Sulfonamide + Prednisolone 0.125% QID |
Medicine for Chronic Diseases
နာတာရွည္ေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Leprosy (လက္ပ႐ိုစီ) အနာႀကီးေရာဂါ၊ | Dapsone 50-100 mg/dose, Clofazimine 50 mg/dose + Rifampin 600 mg/dose x 2-3 years |
| TB တီဘီ၊ | INH 300 mg/dose; Rifampin 600 mg/dose; Pyrazinamide 2 Gm/dose; Ethanbutol 2.5 Gm/dose; Streptomycin 1 Gm/dose; PAS = Aminosalicylic acid 8-12 Gm/dose; Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Max. 1 Gm); Cycloserine 15-20 mg/kg (Max. 1 Gm) |
| Typhoid (Enteric Fever) အူေရာင္-ငန္းဖ်ား ေခၚ တုိက္ဖြဳိက္ | Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Ciprofloxacin 750 mg BD, Ceftriaxone 2 Gm OD |
| Plague ပလိပ္ေရာဂါ | Streptomycin 1 Gm BD IM |
| Filariasis ဆင္ေျခေထာက္ေရာဂါ၊ | Ivermectin 200 μg/kg stat and repeat after 6 months Albendazole 400 mg stat plus Ivermectin 200 μg/kg Albendazole 400 mg BD x 3 weeks |
Medicine for Diseases of Joint
အဆစ္ေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Arthritis (Gonoccal) အဆစ္ေရာင္ေရာဂါ (ဂိုႏိုေကာ့ကယ္)ပိုး၊ | Ceftiriaxone 1 Gm IV OD or Cefotaxime 1 Gm IV TDS or Spectinomycin 2 Gm IM BD x 24-48 hours and followed by Orally Cefixime 400 mg BD or Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD Orally x 7-10 days |
| Trauma, Rheumatic, TB, Pyogenic, Gout, etc. ထိခိုက္မိ-တီဘီ-ေဂါက္-ျပည္တည္ အဆစ္နာျခင္း အမ်ဴိးမ်ဳိး၊ | Aspirin 10-15 mg/kg QID; Celebrex 100 mg BD, Diclofenac 50-75 mg BD/TDS, Ibuprofen 400-800 mg QID, Indomethacin 25-50 mg BD/QID, Mefenamic acid 250 mg QID |
| Septic Arthritis အဆစ္ပိုး၀င္ျခင္း၊ | Ceftriaxone 1-2 Gm IV OD |
| TB Bones and Joints အ႐ိုး-အဆစ္ တီဘီ၊ | INH 300 mg/day for 6 months + Rifampin 600 mg/day for 6 months + Pyrazinamide 25 mg/kg/day for 2 months ± Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/day |
Medicine for Diseases of Skin
အေရျပားေပၚျဖစ္သည့္ ေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Herpes zoster (Shingles) ကိုယ္ေပၚေရယံု၊ | Acyclovir, Valacyclovir or Famciclovir; If the pain is severe — particularly if you develop pos-therapeutic neuralgia — painkillers. Sometimes Tricyclic antidepressants or certain anticonvulsants are helpful. A topical ointment called Capsaicin or a skin patch that contains the pain-relieving medication Lidocaine may be soothing as well |
| Herpes labialis; Genital Herpes ပါးစပ္-လိင္လမ္းတို႔၌ျဖစ္ေသာေရယံု၊ | Valacylovir 1 Gm BD or Famciclovir 250 mg TDS + 5% Acyclovir ointment |
| Nail fungus (onychomycosis) လက္သဲ-ေျခသဲမႈိပိုး၀င္ျခင္း၊ | Itraconazole, Fluconazole, Terbinafine; Other treatment options Antifungal lacquer; Topical medications = Econazole nitrate |
| Seborrheic dermatitis အေရျပားစို၍ေရာင္သည့္ေရာဂါ၊ | Hydrocortisone acetate |
| Ringworm of the body ေပြး၊ | Topical Econazole, Miconazole; Oral Itraconazole, Fluconazole, Terbinafine, Ketoconazole, Grisofulvin |
| Anthrax ေဒါင့္သန္းေရာဂါ၊ | Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD Orally or 400 mg BD IV; Doxycycline 100 mg BD IV or Orally; Amoxacillin 500 mg TDS; Penicillin G 2 million units 4 hourly IV |
| Gas Gangrene ပုတ္ပြ-နံသည့္အနာ | Penicillin 2 Million units every 3 hours IV or Tetracycline, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, Chloramphenicol, Cefoxition |
| Animal and Human bites wounds တိရိစာၦန္-လူကိုက္သည့္အနာမ်ား၊ | For prophylaxis Dicloxacillin 500 mg Orally QID x 3-5 days or Penicillin V 500 mg Orally QID x 3-5 days Treatment: Penicillin or Tetracycline or Fluoroquinolones, Azithromycin and Clarithromycin x 2-3 weeks |
Medicine for Worms
သံေကာင္ေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Trichuiasis ၀မ္းပ်က္ျခင္း ျဖစ္ေစသည့္ သံေကာင္ | Albendazole Adult > 2 years = 400 mg HS |
| Hookworm ခ်ိတ္ပံု သံေကာင္ | Mebendazole 100 mg BD x 3 days or Albendazole 400 mg stat + Ferrous sulfate 200 mg TDS x 3 months |
| Ascariasis, Enterobiasis, Hookworm သံလံုးေကာင္ | Albendazole 400 mg stat or for 2-3 days; Mebendazole 100 mg BD before or after meal x 3 days or 500 mg stat; Piperazine 3.5 Gm x 2-4 days; Livamisole 150 mg stat |
| Strongyloides အေရျပား မွတဆင့္၀င္ေသာ သံေကာင္ | Albendazole Adult 400 mg OD/BD x 3 days |
| Neurocysticercosis အာ႐ံုေၾကာထဲေရာက္ေသာ သံေကာင္ | Albendazole 400 mg BD for Children 15 mg/kg BD x 8-30 days |
| Tapeworm (Cestode), Echinococcosis တိပ္ျပားပံု သံေကာင္ | Praziquantel 10 mg/kg stat dose; Albendazole = Adults and children weighing 60 kilograms and over 400 (mg) BD PC x 28 days may need to be repeated in 14 days |
| Pinworm (Enterobiasis) ပင္အပ္ပံု သံေကာင္ | Albendazole 400 mg stat; Mebendazole 100 mg BD before or after meal |
Medicine for Diseases of Ear
နားေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Earache နားကိုက္ျခင္း၊ Acute Otitis Media ရက္တိုနားျပည္ယိုျခင္း၊ | Carbamazepine 100-300 mg TDS; Amoxacillin 250-500 mg TDS x 7 days or Erythromycin 50 mg/kg/day + Sulfonamide 150 mg/kg/day x 10 days or Cefaclor 20-40 mg/kg/day; or Augmentin (Amoxacillin + Clavulanic acid) 500 mg TDS or Cefuroxime 500 mg Orally BD or Cefpodoxime 200-400 mg daily or Doxycycline 100 mg BD or (TMP 160 mg+SMZ 800 mg) BD x 10 days |
| Chronic Otitis Media နာတာရွည္ နားျပည္ယိုျခင္း၊ | Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD x 1-6 week |
| Serous Otitis Media နားရည္ယိုျခင္း၊ | Prednisolone 40 mg/day + Amoxacillin 250 mg TDS x 7 days |
Medicine for Mental Disorders
စိတ္ေရာဂါေဆးမ်ား
| Disease/Illness | Treatment |
| Anxiety စိတ္ပူပန္ျခင္း၊ | Alprazolam (Xanax) 0.5 mg (max. 4 mg); Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) 10-20 mg (Max 100 mg); Iazepam (Valium) 5-15 mg (Max 30 mg |
| Schizophrenia (စကစ္ဇိုဖရီးနီးယား) | Chlorpromazine 100-400 mg (max 1 Gm) |
| Depression and Mania စိတ္က်-စိတ္စြဲ ေရာဂါ | Amitriptyline 150-250 mg (max 300 mg); Mipramine (Tofranil) 150-200 mg (max 300 mg); Fluoxetine (Prozac) 5-40 mg (max 80 mg); Fluvoxamine (Luvox) 100-300 mg (max 300 mg); Nefzodone 300-600 mg (max 600 mg); Paroxetine 20-30 mg (max 50 mg); ertraline 50-150 mg (max 200 mg); Trazodone 100-300 mg (max 400 mg) |
| Sleep disorders, Insomnia အိပ္မရသည့္ေရာဂါ၊ | Lorazepam 0.5 mg HS; Temazepam 7.5-15 mg HS; Zolpidem 5-10 mg HS, Zaleplon 5-10 mg HS; Dephenhydramine 25 mg HS; Trazodone 25-150 mg HS; Diazepam 5-20 mg HS |
| Enuresis အိပ္ရာထဲ ဆီးသြားျခင္း၊ | Imipramine 50-100 mg HS |
| Aggression ၾကမ္းတမ္းစိတ္၊ | Haloperidol 5-10 mg IM every hour (drug of choice); Diazepam 5 mg Orally or IV for mild to moderate cases |
Drugs for Serious Fungal Infections
ျပင္းထံေသာ (ဖန္းဂတ္စ္) ပိုးမ်ား ကုသရန္ေဆးမ်ား| Drug ေဆး | Common Uses အမ်ားဆံုးျဖစ္ေစသည့္ မႈိေရာဂါမ်ား | Side Effects မေကာင္းေသာသတၱိမ်ား |
| Amphotericin B | Wide variety of fungal infections | Chills, fever, headache, vomiting; lowered blood potassium levels, kidney damage, anemia |
| Caspofungin | Aspergillus and possibly Candida | Fever, nausea, inflammation of veins |
| Fluconazole | Candida and other fungal infections, including cryptococcus | Liver toxicity but less than that with ketoconazole |
| Itraconazole | Candida and other fungal infections | Nausea, diarrhea, liver toxicity but less than that with ketoconazole |
| Ketoconazole | Candida and other fungal infections | Nausea and vomiting, blocked production of testosterone and cortisol, liver toxicity |
| Voriconazole | Aspergillus and Candida | Visual disturbance |
| Flucytosine | Candida and Cryptococcus infections | Bone marrow and kidney damage |
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